Glossary of Islam 

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 Arabic words are created from three-letter "roots" which convey a basic idea. For example, k-t-b conveys the idea of writing. Addition of other letters before, between, and after the root letters produces many associated words: not only "write" but also "book", "office", "library", and "author". The abstract consonantal root for Islam is s-l-m.

‘Abd (عبد) 

servant, worshipper, slave. Muslims consider themselves servants and slaves of God. Common Muslim names such as Abdullah (Servant of God), Abdul-Malik (Slave of the King), Abdur-Rahmān (Slave of the most Beneficent), Abdus-Salām (Slave of Peace), all refer to names of Allah.

Adab (أدب) 

Traditionally describes good manners, as in etiquette. For example, being courteous is good adab. However, the term can be used very broadly, and the proper translation would be "the proper way to go about something," as in the example, Aadaab al Qitaal, or, "The Proper Way of Fighting in War," (Qitaal in Arabic means mortal combat) in which the word "etiquette" does not befit the context. Literally meaning literature.

Ādhān (أذان) 

call to salat (prayer), sometimes alternatively spelled and pronounced Azan, Athan and Adhan.

‘Adl (عدل) 

justice, especially distributive justice: social, economic, political, environmental.

AH 

anno hegirae The Islamic calendar starts counting years starting from the time when Muhammad (SAW) had to leave Mecca and go to Medina, an event known as the Hijra: July 16, 622.

Aḥad (أحد)

literally "one." Islamically, ahad means One Alone, unique, none like God. Al-Wahid is one of the names of God.

Aḥkām (أحكام)

rulings and orders of the Qu'ran and Sunnah. Five kinds of orders: Wajib, Mustahab, Muharram, Makruh, and Halal. Singular Ḥukm.

Ahl al-Bayt (أهل البيت ) 

members of Muhammad (SAW)'s Household. Also known among Shia as the Ma'sumin (infallibles; spiritually pure).

Ahl al-Fatrah ( أهل الفطرة) 

people who live in ignorance of the teachings of a revealed religion, but according to the "Fitra", the "Natural Religion" innate to human nature as created by God.

Ahl al-Kitāb (أهل الكتاب ) 

"People of the Book", or followers of pre-Islamic monotheistic religions with some form of scripture believed to be of divine origin which were mentioned in Quran: Jews, Christians.

Ākhirah (الآخرة) 

hereafter or eternal life

Akhlāq (أخلاق) 

The practice of virtue. Morals.

Al-Ikhlas (إخلاص)- Sincerety 

Genuine in religious beliefs.

Al-Birr (البر) 

Piety and righteousness and every act of obedience to Allah.

‘Ālamīn (عالمين) 

Literally "worlds", humankind, jinn, angels and all that exists

Alayhis Salam (عليه السلام) 

"Peace be upon him" This expression normally follows after naming a prophet (other than Muhammad (SAW)), or one of the noble Angels (i.e. Jibreel[Gabriel], Mikaeel[Michael], etc.)

Al-Ḥamdu Lillāh or Hamdellah (الحمد لله) 

"Praise be to God!" Qur'anic exclamation and also same meaning as hallelujah.

Allāh (الله)

The Arabic name of God.

Allahumma (اللَّهُمَّ) 

"O God."

Allāhu Akbar (الله أكبر) 

"Allah is the Greatest." Islamic expression.

‘Ālim (عالِم) 

One who knows. A scholar (in any field of knowledge); a scientist (who knows science) or a theologian (who knows religion); similar to Japanese sensei, "teacher".

Amānah (أمانة)

the trust. Of all creation, only human beings & jinns carry the "trust", which is free will.

Āmīn (آمين)

Amen, a supplication meaning, "O God, accept our invocation!".

Amīrul-Mu’minīn (أمير المؤمنين) 

In some countries like Morocco, a Amīrul-Mu’minīn or Commander of the faithful is the religious chief.

Aminah (آمنة) 

Muhammad (SAW)'s mother. Aminah fell sick and died in Abwa, near Madina (then Yathrib) when Muhammad (SAW) was six years old.

Al Amr Bi'l Maruf (الأمر بالمعروف) 

Islamic doctrine of enjoining right. There exists in Islam the (obligatory) principle of encouraging other people to do the right thing.

anfal (انفال)

Property of the Imam

Anṣār (أنصار)

"Helpers." The Muslim converts at Medina who helped the Muslims from Mecca after the Hijrah.

‘Aqīdah (عقيدة) 

The Islamic creed, or the six article of faith, which consists of the belief in God, Angels, Messengers and Prophets, Scriptures, the Day of Judgment, and Destiny.

Aqiqah (عقيقة)

Islamic practice of shaving the head of the new born male and contributing the weight in silver for charity as well as 2 lambs. One lamb is slaughtered for a baby girl.

‘Aql (عقل)

Intelligence, intellect, mind, understanding

Arkan singular rukn (ركن/أركان) 

The five rukn "pillars" of Islam. (See rukn)

A.S. ('Alayhis-salaam) 

This acronym evokes a blessing and is appended to the names of the prophets who came before Muhammad (SAW). It will also be applied to the mothers of those prophets. When following a woman's name, the feminine form is 'Alayhas-salaam.

Aṣl ( أصل ) (pl. usool) 

Root, origin, source; principle.

Aslim Taslam (أسلِم تسلَم)

"Submit to Islam" (See dawah) (See: lan astaslem)

Asmā’ Allah al-Ḥusnā (أسماء الله الحسنى)

List of God's 99 names. According to a hadith, the one who enumerates them all will enter Paradise.

‘Aṣr (العصر)

The third salat prayer. The time of the day before sunset and after noon. also means "era".

Aṣ-Ṣirāṭ (الصراط) 

The bridge by crossing which it is determined (judged) whether a person would go to heaven or hell. How a person crosses the Sirat depends on what they have done in their life and what they have believed in.

al-Asharatu Mubashsharun bil-Jannah or just Asharatu Mubashsharah (Arabic

العشرة المبشّرون بالجنة or عشرة المبشّر; Transliteration: ‘Asharatul-mubashshirūn or ‘Asharatul-mubashshirūne bil Jannah): The ten companions of Muhammad (SAW) who were promised paradise (only in Sunni Islam)

‘Āshūrā’ (عاشوراء) 

Tenth day of the month of Muharram. It is the day God saved Moses and the children of Israel from the Pharaoh. The grandson of the prophet Muhammad (SAW), Imam Hussayn sacrificed his life along with 72 of his companions on the sand dunes of Karbala. Sunni Scholars recommended to fast during this day. To the Shias, it is also a day on which they mourn the death of the third Shia Imam, Husayn ibn Ali, along with his family and companions, who were killed in the famous battle in Karbala. They cry and weep and organize lamentating programmes where they not only learn how to live a proper Islamic life and improve their Spiritual Self but also cry at the end of the ritual to show their true love and faith towards imam Hussayn.

As-Salāmu ‘Alaykum (السلام عليكم)

The Islamic greeting; literally "Peace be upon you"; In addition, wa-Raḥmatullāhi wa-Barakātuhu (ورحمة الله وبركاته) means "and the Mercy of God and His blessing". The response to this greeting is wa-‘Alaykum us-Salām wa-Raḥmatullāhi wa-Barakātuhu (و عليكم السلام ورحمة الله وبركاته) --"And on you be the Peace and Mercy of God and His Blessing".

Astaghfirullāh (أستغفر الله)

"I seek forgiveness from God." Islamic expression.

A'udhu billah (أعوذ بالله ’A‘ūdhu billāh)

"I seek refuge in God". This is a paraphrase on the beginnings of the two last suras in the Qur'an.

Awliyā’ (أولياء)

Friends, protectors, helpers, caretaker, maintainer. (singular: wali)

‘Awrah (عورة) 

The parts of the body, male or female, must be covered in public but not between spouses, such as, body parts must be concealed of a woman before non-related men.(non-related men means she can marry those men lawfully).

Āyah (آية), plural āyāt (آيات) 

A sign. More specifically, a verse in the Qur'an.

Āyatullāh (آية الله, also spelled Ayatollah)

Sign of God Title given to highly ranked religious scholars in Sh'ia sect.

B

Baghawat

insurgency against a legitimate government

Bai'a

(بيعة) : pledge

Baatil

see Bātil

Baitullah (بيت الله baytullāh) 

A mosque, literally "house of God". Specifically means the Ka'aba at Makkah (Mecca).

Barakah (بركة) 

a form of blessing.

BarakAllahu Feekum

may Allah bless you; response to expression of thanks.

Barzakh (برزخ)

Barrier. Used in the Qur'an to describe the barrier between sweet and salty water. In theology, the one-way barrier between the mortal realm and the spirit world which the deceased soul crosses and waits for qiyamah judgment.

Basher (بشر) 

Human(s). Literally means 'face' but generally it refers to a person (man/woman).

Baṣīrah (بصيرة) 

Insight, discernment, perceptivity, deep knowledge. Sometimes used by Sufis to denote the ability to directly perceive a transcendental Truth.

Bātil

(باطل) : void

Batin 

The interior or hidden meaning. A person who devotes himself to studying such hidden meanings is a batini.

B.B.H.N.

Blessed be His Name - acronym for S.A.W.S. - see P.B.U.H (Peace Be Upon Him).

Bid‘ah (بدعة) 

Innovation in religion, i.e. inventing new methods of worship. Bad Bid'ahs in Islam are considered a deviation and a serious sin by many Muslims.

Bid'ah sayyi'ah 

Inquiry prohibited in Islam.

Bismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi (بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم) 

"In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful".

Burda (بردة) 

not an Arabic term; means "curtain" in Persian. Means covering or to cover.

Bay‘ah (بيعة) 

an oath of allegiance to a leader, traditionally the Caliph or Imam.

C

Caliph (خليفة khalīfah) 

literally successor; refers to the successor of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), the ruler of an Islamic theocracy.

D

Dahri

atheist - from the root ad dahr meaning time. In Islam, atheists are seen as those who think that time only destroys, hence the term ad dahriyyah for the concept of atheism.

Dajjal (دجّال) 

an Islamic figure similar to the Antichrist; means "liar" or "deceiver".

Dallal (ضلال)

going astray.

Dar al'Ahd (دار العهد) 

the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Christian tributary states.

Dar al-Amn (دار الأمن) 

means house of safety; refers to status of a Muslim living in some of the Western world.

Dar ad-Dawa (دار الدعوة) 

a region where Islam has recently been introduced.

Dar al-Harb (دار الحرب) 

means house of war; refers to areas outside Muslim rule at war with Muslim states.

Dar al-Islam (دار الإسلام)

the abode, or land, of Islam.

Dar al-Kufr (دار الكفر) 

means domain of disbelief; the term originally refers to the Quraish-dominated society of Mecca between Prophet Mohammed's flight to Medina (the Hijra) and the city's conquest.

Dar as-Sulh ( دارالصلح )

domain of agreement

Dar ash-Shahada (دار الشهادة) 

See Dar al-Amn

Darūd  

blessing

Da‘wah (الدعوة) 

the call to Islam, proselytizing.

Darwīš (درويش) 

an initiate of the Sufi Path, one who practices Sufism

Dhikr 

A devotional practice whereby the name of God is repeated in a rhythmical manner

Dhikr (ذكر) or zikr (in Persian/Urdu)

remembrance of God; spiritual exercise; Muslims believe that the primary function of prophets is to remind people of God.

Dhimmi (ذمّي) (pl. dhimam) 

"Protected person"; Jews and Christians (and sometimes others,[1] such as Buddhists, Sikhs, Hindus, and Zoroastrians), living in an Islamic state whose right to practice their religion is tolerated under Islamic law.

Dhuhr 

the second obligatory daily prayer.

Dīn (الدين) 

(literally 'religion') the way of life based on Islamic revelation; the sum total of a Muslim's faith and practice. Dīn is often used to mean the faith and religion of Islam.

Diyyah (دية)

fine for unintentional manslaughter.

Dua (دعاء) 

personal prayer, supplication

Dhuhr (الظهر)

second salat prayer

Dunya (دنيا)

The physical Universe, as opposed to the Hereafter; sometimes spelled Dunia.

E

Ehtiaat (إحتياط)

Also Ahwat. A Precaution, either obligatory or optional.[2]

Ehtiaat-Mustahabbi

A preferred precaution.[2]

Ehtiaat-Waajib

An obligatory precaution.[2]

F

Fajarah (فجرة)

Wicked evil doers. Plural of "Fajir" (فاجر).

Fajr (فجر)

dawn, early morning, and the morning prayer. The time of the day when there is light in the horizon before sunrise.

Falāḥ (فلاح)

deliverance, salvation, well-being.

Falsafah (فلسفة)

"philosophy" The methods and content of Greek philosophy which were brought into Islam. A person who tries to interpret Islam through rationalist philosophy was called a faylasuf (فيلسوف), "philosopher".

Fanā' (فناء) 

Sufi term meaning extinction - to die to this life while alive. Having no existence outside of God.

Faqih (pl. fuqaha) 

One who has a deep understanding of Islam, its laws, and jurisprudence. (see fiqh)

Al-Faraj

the return of the Shia Mahdi

Farḍ (فرض), plural Fara’id (فرأض) furud 

a religious duty, or an obligatory action: praying 5 times a day is fard Neglecting a fard will result in a punishment in the hereafter. (See wajib)

Fard ayn ( فرض عين)

obligatory on every individual Muslim to aid in any way he can.

Fard kifayah (فرض كفاية)

an obligation on the Muslim community as a whole, from which some are freed if others take it up such as for jihad.

Fāsiq (فاسق)

anyone who has violated Islamic law; usually refers to one whose character has been corrupted (plural "fasiqun").

Fatiha

the short, opening sura of the Qur'an, which begins "In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. Praise be to God, the Lord of the Worlds..." These words hold an important place in Muslim liturgies and forms the core of the salat.

Fatwā (فتوى) 

legal opinion of an (alim) binding on him and on those who follow his taqlid

Fi Amanillah

May Allah protect you. Said when a person departs.

Fiqh (فقه) 

jurisprudence built around the shariah by custom (al-urf). Literally means "deep understanding", refers to understanding the Islamic laws. (see faqih)

Fi sabil Allah (في سبيل الله)

for the sake of Allah; common Islamic expression for performing acts such as charity or Jihad and for 'qatlu' (fighting in mortal combat for the sake of Allah)

Fitna (pl. fitan) (فتنة) 

trial or tribulation; also refers to any period of disorder, such as a civil war, or the period of time before the end of the world or any civil strife.

Fiṭrah (فطرة)

innate disposition towards virtue, knowledge, and beauty. Muslims believe every child is born with fitrah.

Furqān (فرقان)

the criterion (of right and wrong, true and false); for example, the Qur'an as furqan.

Fuwaysiqah 

vermin, evil from the root fasaqa meaning to deviate from the right way

G

Ghafara (غفر)

(verb in past tense) to forgive, to cover up (sins). A characteristic of God.

Ghaflah (غفلة)

heedlessness, forgetfulness of God, indifference

Ghayb (غيب)

the unseen, unknown.

Ghanimah 

spoils of war, booty.

Ghasbi (غصب) 

possessed unlawfully

Ghazi (غازى) 

(archaic) roughly, "raider": a holy warrior; a mujahid

Ghusl (غسل)

full ablution of the whole body (see wudu). Ghusl janaba is the mandatory shower after having sexual discharge.

H

Hadath akbar

major ritual impurity which requires Niyyat for cleaning.

Hadath asghar 

minor ritual impurity

Hadha min fadhle Rabbi (هَذَا مِن فَضْلِ رَبِّي)

Qur'anic expression and phrase meaning This is by the Grace of my Lord.

Hādī (هادي)

a guide, one who guides; A Muslim name for God is The Guide, or Al-Hadi.

Hadith (حديث ḥadīth) plural ahādīth 

literally "speech"; recorded saying or tradition of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) validated by isnad; with sira these comprise the sunnah and reveal shariah

Hadith Mashhoor 

Well-known hadith; a hadith which reported by one, two, or more Companions from the Prophets or from another Companion, but has later become well-known and transmitted by an indefinite number of people during the first and second generation of Muslims.

Ḥāfiẓ (حافظ) 

someone who knows the Qur'an by heart. Literal translation = memorizer or Protector.

Haid 

menstruation

Hajj (الحجّ haj) 

pilgrimage to Mecca. Sunnis regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam

Hajj al Tamattu

performing `Umrah during the Hajj season, and on the Day of Tarwiah a pilgrim gets into the state of Ihram for Hajj. Before making 'Umrah, approach the Miqat and declare the intention. End by sacrificing an animal.

Hajj al Qiran 

At Miqat, declare intention to perform both Hajj and `Umrah together. After throwing the Jamrah of Al-`Aqabah, and getting hair shaved or cut that take off his Ihram garments and sacrifice animal.

Hajj al Ifrad 

At Miqat, declare intention for Hajj only. Maintain Ihram garments up to the Day of Sacrifice. No offering is required from him.

Hajjaj (حاجّ)

Pilgrim, one who has made the Hajj.

Ḥākim (حاكم) 

a ruler's or governor's title; in some Muslim states, a judge. See Ahkam.

Hakimiya 

(حاكمية) sovereignty, governance.

Ḥalāl (حلال) 

lawful, permitted, good, beneficial, praiseworthy, honourable. (See mustahabb, mandub)

Halaqa 

A gathering or meeting for the primary purpose of learning about Islam.

Halq 

Shaving of the head, particularly associated with pilgrimage to Mecca[3]

Ḥanīf (حنيف) 

pre-Islamic non-Jewish or non-Christian monotheists. Plural: ḥunafā' (حنفاء).

Haqq (‍حق)

truth, reality, right, righteousness. Al-Haqq is one of 99 names of God.

Ḥarām (حرام) 

forbidden. An individual is rewarded for keeping away from haram done out of obedience, (rather than out of fear, shyness or the inability to do it.) Antonym: halal. (See mazur,makrouh)

Ḥaram (حرم) 

sanctuary.

Ḥasan (حسن)

Good, beautiful, admirable. Also a categorization of a hadith's authenticity as "acceptable". (other categorizations include authenic and fabricated).

Hawaa (pl. ahwaa') 

Vain or egotistical desire; individual passion; impulsiveness.

Hidāyah (هداية) 

guidance from God.

Ḥijāb (حجاب) 

literally "cover". It describes the self-covering of the body for the purposes of modesty and dignity; broadly, a prescribed system of attitudes and behaviour regarding modesty and dignity. (See abayah, al-amira, burnuk, burqa, chador, jilbab, khimar, milfeh, niqab, purdah, shayla)

Hijra (الهجرة) 

Muhammad (SAW) and his followers' emigration from Mecca to Medina. Literally, "migration". This holiday marks the beginning of the Muslim New Year on the first day of the month of Muharram. See Rabi Al-Awwal and abbreviation AH.

Hikmah 

Literally this means "wisdom" and refers to the highest possible level of understanding attainable by a Muslim. In particular, it refers to the illuminative, mystical sort of wisdom that a Gnostic or Sufi might accomplish.

Ḥimā (حمى) 

wilderness reserve, protected forest, grazing commons, important to khalifa

Ḥizb (حزب) 

One half of a juz', or roughly 1/60th of the Qur'an

Houri (حورية ḥūrīya; pl. ḥūrīyāt حوريات) 

beautiful and pure young men and women, that Muslims believe inhabit Paradise, or Heaven.

Hudā (هدى) 

Guidance.

Hudna (هدنة) 

Truce. Cease-fire (often temporary)

Ḥudūd (حدود) (sing. hadd) 

Literally, limits or boundaries. Usually refers to limits placed by Allah on man; penalties of the Islamic law (sharia) for particular crimes described in the Qur'an - intoxication, theft, rebellion, adultery and fornication, false accusation of adultery, and apostasy. (See ta'zeer)

Ḥukm (حكم)

ruling in the Qur'an or Sunnah. Also spelled Hukum.

I

‘Ibādah (عبادة)

submission, worship, but not limited to ritual: all expressions of servitude to Allah, including the pursuit of knowledge, living a pious life, helping, charity, and humility, can be considered ibadah.

Iblīs (إبليس)

a jinn banished to Hell for his arrogance and disobedience; aka Satan : derived from the Greek Diabolos or Devil He is the equivalent of Lucifer.

‘Id (عيد)

festival or celebration. Alternatively tranliterated Eid.

‘Id ul-Adha (عيد الأضحى)

"the Festival of Sacrifice." The four day celebration starting on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijja.

‘Id ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر)

"the Festival of Fitr (Breaking the fast)." A religious festival that marks the end of the fast of Ramadan.

I'dad Al-'oda (إعداد العُدَّةِ)

"preparation for battle" according to Qur'an

Ifṭār (إفطار)

a meal eaten by Muslims breaking their fast after sunset during the month of Ramadan.

Iḥrām (إحرام)

state of consecration for hajj. Includes dress and or prayer.

Iḥsān (إحسان)

perfection in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe He is constantly watching over them.

Ijaz (إعجاز)

miracle, the character of the Qur'an in both form and content.

Ijazah (إجازة)

a certificate authorizing one to transmit a subject or text of Islamic knowledge

Ijmā‘ (إجماع)

the consensus of either the ummah (or just the ulema) - one of four bases of Islamic Law. More generally, political consensus itself. Shi'a substitute obedience to the Imam; opposite of ikhtilaf

Ijtihād (اجتهاد)

During the early times of Islam, the possibility of finding a new solution to a juridical problem. Has not been allowed in conservative Islam since the Middle Ages. However, Liberal movements within Islam generally argue that any Muslim can perform ijtihad, given that Islam has no generally accepted clerical hierarchy or bureaucratic organization. The opposite of ijtihad is taqlid (تقليد), Arabic for "imitation".

Ikhtilaf (اختلاف)

disagreement among the madhhabs (scholars) of a religious principle; opposite of ijma.

Ikraam (إكرام)

honouring, hospitality, generosity - Dhul jalaali wal ikraam is one of the 99 names of Allah.

Ikrah (إكراه) 

mental or physical force.

Ilāh (إله)

deity, a god; including gods worshiped by polytheists.

‘Ilm (علم)

all varieties of knowledge, usually a synonym for science

Imām (إمام)

literally, leader; e.g. a man who leads a community or leads the prayer; the Shi'a sect use the term only as a title for one of the twelve Allah-appointed successors of Prophet Muhammad (SAW).

Imamah (إمامة) or imamate 

successorship of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and the leadership of mankind.

Imān (إيمان)

personal faith

Innaa Lillaahi Wa Innaa Ilayhi Raaji'oon 

To Allah we belong and to Him is our return - said to mourners

Infāq (إنفاق)

the habitual inclination to give rather than take in life; the basis for charity

Injīl (الإنجيل)

Arabic term for the holy book called The Gospel said to have been given to Jesus, who is known as Isa in Arabic; Muslims believe the holy book has been lost and the New Testament gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are not the word of Allah, only Christian stories about Jesus.

Insha'Allah (إن شاء الله)

If it is God's will; Inshallah is "resigned, accepting, neutral, passive. It is neither optimistic nor pessimistic."[1][2]

Iqamah (إقامة)

the second call to prayer. Similar to the azhan.

Irtidad (ارتداد)

apostasy (see murtadd). Also riddah ردة

‘Īsā (عيسى)

Jesus - 'Isa ibn Maryam (English: Jesus son of Mary), a matronymic (since he had no biological father. The Qur'an asserts that Allah has no sons and therefore, 'Isa is not the son of Allah. Muslims honor 'Isa as a nabi and rasul.

‘Ishā' (عشاء)

night; the fifth salat prayer

Islam  (الإسلام) (help·info) 

"submission to God". The Arabic root word for Islam means submission, obedience, peace, and purity.

Isnād (إسناد)

chain of transmitters of any given hadith

Isra (الإسراء)

the night journey during which Muhammad (SAW) (محمّد)is said to have visited Heaven. See miraj.

Istighfar (استغفار)

requesting forgiveness

Istihada (استحاضة)

vaginal bleeding except Haid and Nifas

Istislah (استصلاح)

public interest - a source of Islamic Law.

Istish'hād (استشهاد)

martyrdom.

Itaqu

The faithful who fear Allah.

Ithim (إثم)

Negative reward for bad deeds that is tallied on qiyamah(judgment day.) Opposite of thawab.

Itikaf

seclusion in the masjid for the purpose of worship usually performed during the last 10 days of Ramadan.

Itmām al-hujjah (إتمام الحجة)

clarification of truth in its ultimate form.

J

Jaa'iz (جائز)

That which is allowed or permissible. As a rule, everything that is not prohibited is allowed. (See halal, mustahabb, mandub)

Jahannam (جهنم) 

the Hell-fire; Hell

Jāhiliyyah (الجاهليّة) 

the time of ignorance before Islam was realized. Describes polytheistic religions.

Jahl (جهل) 

ignorance, arrogance.

Jalsa - sitting.

Jāmi‘ah (جامعة) 

"gathering"; i.e. a university, a mosque, or more generally, a community or association.

Janaba(جنابة )  

A state of spiritual impurity that occur due to sexual intercourse or ejaculation and necessitates major ritual ablution (ghusl),

Janaza (جنازة) 

funeral prayer

Jannah (جنة) 

Paradise, Heaven, the Garden

Jazakallahu Khayran (جزاك الله خير) 

"May God reward you for the good." Islamic expression of gratitude.

Jihād (جهاد) 

struggle. Any earnest striving in the way of God, involving personal, physical, for righteousness and against wrong-doing;

Jihād al Saghir 

Offensive jihad declared by caliph.

Jihād al talab

Offensive jihad.

Jihād al daf’a 

Defensive jihad.

Jihād bil mal 

Financial jihad.

Jihād bis saif ( جهاد بسيف)

literally 'struggle by the sword'; holy war.

Jilbāb (جلباب) 

(pl. jalabib) a long, flowing, garment worn by some as a more conservative means of fulfillment of sartorial hijab. (See also: abaya. burka, chador)

Jinn (جنّ) 

An invisible being of fire

Jizya (جزية)

A tax specified in the Koran (9:29) to be paid by non-Muslim males living under Muslim political control.

Juhud 

To deny. Jaahid (the denier). Disbelief out of rejection. When there comes to them that which they [should] have recognized, they refuse to believe in (kafaru) it. ( 2:89) Accordingly, juhud includes rejection (kufr at-taktheeb) and resistance (kufr al-‘inaad)

Jumu‘ah (جمعة) 

Friday prayer

Junub 

an unclean state of body as in breaking Wudu

Janabat 

an unclean state of body caused by discharge of semen or sexual intercourse

Juz' (جزء) 

one of thirty parts of the Qur'an

K

Ka‘bah (الكعبة) 

cube-house; the cube-shaped building i.e. in Mecca toward which Muslims pray.

Kāfir (كافر kāfir sing.; كفّار kuffār pl.) 

from the word kafara - "to hide." Those who deliberately hide the truth; unbelievers, truth-concealers; one who is ungrateful. Plural: Kāfirūn. Extreme care ought to be taken with this word, as it is was (and is) occasionally misused as an offensive term for black people by white South Africans.

Kalam (علم الكلم) 

Literally, “words” or “speech,” and referring to oration. The name applied to the discipline of philosophy and theology concerned specifically with the nature of faith, determinism and freedom, and the nature of the divine attributes.

Khair (خير)

Every kind of good

Khalīfah (خليفة) 

Caliph, more generally, one performing the duties of khilafa.

Khalil (خليل)  

devoted friend

Khalq

Creation - the act of measuring; determining, estimating and calculating. Khalq is the noun form of the verb khalaqa (see bara, sawwara).

Al-khaliq

The Creator, Allah.

Khamr (خمر)

Intoxicant, wine.

Khāṭib (خطيب)

the speaker at the Friday Muslim prayer, or Jumu'ah prayer.

Khatm

Complete recitation of the Qur'an.

Kharāj (خراج) 

a land tax.

Khayr  

goodness. See birr (righteousness) See qist (equity) See 'adl (equilibrium and justice) See haqq (truth and right) See ma'ruf (known and approved) See taqwa (piety.)

Khilaaf 

Controversy, dispute, discord.

Khilāfah (خلافة) 

Man's trusteeship and stewardship of Earth; Most basic theory of the Caliphate; Flora and fauna as sacred trust; Accountability to; God for harms to nature, failure to actively care and maintain. Three specific ways in which khalifa is manifested in Muslim practice are the creation of haram to protect water, hima to protect other species (including those useful to man), and by resisting infidel domination over Muslim lands, in jihad.

Khalīfāt Rashīdūn 

four first caliphs, believed by most Muslims to be most righteous rulers in history

Khimār (خمار) (pl. khumur) 

headcovering (Q. 24:31).

Khitan (ختان) 

Male circumcision.

Khuluq  

ethics

Khushu' - humility, devotion, concentration (especially in prayer).

Khuṭbah (خطبة)

the sermon at Jumu'ah prayer.

Kibr - pride, arrogance

Kibar - old age

Kitāb (كتاب) 

book; The Qur'an is often referred to as "Al-Kitāb" (The Book).

Kufr (كفر) 

In Arabic - ungratefulness and disbelief in God and denial of the truth. See Kafir and Kuffar

Kufrul-hukmi

Disbelief from judgment.

Kufrul-'Inaad 

Disbelief out of stubbornness

Kufrul-Inkaar 

Disbelief out of arrogance and pride.

Kufrul-Istibdaal 

Disbelief because of trying to substitute Allaah's Laws.

Kufrul-Istihaal 

Disbelief out of trying to make HARAM into HALAL.

Kufrul-Istihzaha 

Disbelief due to mockery and derision

Kufrul jahli

Disbelief from not being aware of or not understanding.

Kufrul-juhudi

Disbelief from obstinacy after being presented with truth.

Kufrul-Nifaaq 

Disbelief out of hypocrisy.

Kufrul-I'raadh 

Disbelief due to avoidance.

Kun (كن) 

God's command to the universe, 'Be!' is sufficient to create it.

L

Lā ilāha ill-Allāh (لاإله إلا الله) 

"There is none worthy of worship other than God." The most important expression in Islam. It is part of the first pillar of Islam. Also is the message of all the Prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad (SAW).

Labbayk Allahuma () 

God, I obey you (said during hajj)

Laghw (لغو) 

Dirty, false, evil vain talk

La‘nah (لعنة) 

Imploration for withdrawal of God's mercy

Laylat al-Qadr (ليلة القدر) 

the Night of Power, towards the end of Ramadan, when Muhammad (SAW) received the first revelation of the Qur'an.

M

Madrasah (مدرسة) 

school, university

Maghrib (مغرب)

the fourth daily salat prayer

Mahdi (مهدي) 

"a guide". More specifically al-Mahdi (the guide) is a figure who will appear with Prophet Jesus before the end of time, when God allows it, to bring world peace, order and justice, after it has been overcome with injustice and aggression.

Mahdur ad-damm 

he whose blood must be wasted

Mahram (محرم) 

a relative of the opposite gender usually described as being "within the forbidden limits"; a better description is "within the protected limits". means relatives who one can appear before without observing hijab and who one cannot marry.

Makrūh 

Means "detested", though not haraam (forbidden); something that is disliked or offensive. If a person commits the Makruh, he does not accumulate ithim but avoiding the Makhruh is rewarded with thawab.

Malā’ikah (ملائكة) 

angels (Sing. Malak). It was one of these mala'ika, Jibril (Gabriel) who delivered Allah's revelation to Muhammad (SAW).

Ma malakat aymanukum (ما ملكت أيمانكم) 

one's rightful spouse (literally: what your right hands possess)

Manasik 

the rules specifying the requirements of a legally valid hajj

Mandub 

commendable or recommended. Failure to do it would not be a sin. (See halal mustahabb)

Manhaj (منهج)

the methodology by which truth is reached[4]

Mansukh 

That which is abrogated. The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see naskh.

Manzil (منزل)

one of seven equal parts of the Qur'an.

Ma‘rūf (معروف) 

consensus of the community

Maqaṣid (مقصد) 

goals or purposes; such as the purposes of Islamic law

'Masaleh (مصلحةمة): public interests

Masha Allah (ما شاء الله) 

Allah has willed it.

Masīḥ (مسيح) 

the (Biblical) Messiah, Jesus Christ.

Masjid (مسجد) pl. masājid, مساجد 

place of prayer; mosque

Masjid al-Haram 

the area around the Kaaba.

Math'hab (مذهب) 

(pl. Madhahib) school of religious jurisprudence, school of thought;Mawali or mawala (موالي): Non-Arab Muslims

Mawlā (pl. mawli) 

protector or supporter.

Mawlānā (مولانا) 

an Arabic word literally meaning "our lord" or "our master". It is used mostly as a title preceding the name of a respected religious leader, in particular graduates of religious institutions. The term is sometimes used to refer to Rumi.

Maulvi (مولوی) 

an honorific Islamic religious title often, but not exclusively, given to Muslim religious scholars or Ulema preceding their names. Maulvi generally means any religious cleric or teacher.

Mecca (مكّة Makkah) 

the holiest city in Islam

Medina (مدينة Madīnah) 

"city"; Medinat-un-Nabi means "the City of the Prophet." See Hijra (Islam).

Mi‘ād (معاد)

the Resurrection; God will resurrect all of humankind to be judged. Shi'as regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam.

Mihrab (محراب) 

a niche in the wall of all mosques, indicating the direction of prayer

Millah

In Arabic, millah means "religion," but it has only been used to refer to religions other than Islam, which is din.

Millet

In an Islamic state, "Ahl al Kitab" may continue to practice their former religion in a semi-autonomous community termed the millet.

Minaret (منارة) 

a tower built onto a mosque from the top of which the call to prayer is made

Minbar (منبر) 

a raised pulpit in the mosque where the Imam stands to deliver sermons

Minhaj (منهج) 

methodology, e.g. methods, rules, system, procedures.

Miqat (ميقات ) 

intended place

Miraj (المعراج) 

the Ascension to the Seven Heavens during the Night Journey See also: isra

Mu'adhdhin (مأذن)

a person who performs the call to prayer

Mu'ahadat (معاهدات) 

treaties

Mu‘awwidhatayn (المعوذتين) 

suras Al-Falaq and an-Nas, the "Surahs of refuge", should be said to relieve suffering (also protect from Black Magic)

Mubāḥ (مباح) 

literally permissible; neither forbidden nor commended. Neutral. (See halal)

Mubaligh (مبلغ) 

person who recites Qur'an

Mufa’khathat 

placing between the thighs

Muftī (مفتى) 

an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fataawa (plural of "fatwa").

Muhajabah (محجبة) 

woman who wears hijab (polite form of hijabi).

Muhakkamat  

unequivocal verses of Qur'an. (See mutashabehat.)

Muharebeh (محاربة) 

a person who wages war against God

Muhammad (SAW)un rasulullah 

"Muhammad (SAW) is the messenger of God." This statement is the second part of the first pillar of Islam. This is the second most important statement in Islam.

Mufsidūn (مفسدون) 

evil-doer a person who wages jihad (war) not in accordance with the Qur'an. Plural mufsideen.

Muhsin (محسن) 

a person who performs good deed. Plural muhsineen. Opposite of Mufsidun.

Muhājirūn (مهاجرون) 

The first Muslims that accompanied Muhammad (SAW) when he traveled to Medina.

Muhartiq (مهرطق) 

heretic.

Mujāhid (مجاهد) 

a fighter for Islam. Plural mujahidīn.

Mujtahid (مجتهد) 

a scholar who uses reason for the purpose of forming an opinion or making a ruling on a religious issue. Plural: Mujtahidun.

Mullah (ملا) 

are Islamic clergy. Ideally, they should have studied the Qur'an, Islamic traditions (hadith), and Islamic law (fiqh).

Mū’min (مؤمن) 

A Muslim who observes the commandments of the Qur'an.

Munafiq (منفق) 

hypocrite. Plural: Munafiqun

Muntaqabah (منتقبة) pl. muntaqabāt (منتقبات) 

woman who wears niqab

Murabaha 

a type of sharia-compliant mortgage (see Ijara)

Murshid (مرشد) 

a Sufi teacher

Murtadd (مرتد) female apostate is Murtadah

apostate (see irtidad see mahdur ad-damm.)

Mushaf 

a copy, codex or redaction of the Qur'an.

Mushrik (pl. mushrikoon)

One who associates others in worship with God; a polytheist.

Muslim (مسلم) 

a follower of the religion of Islam. One who submits their will to Allah (God)

Mustaḥabb (مستحبّ) 

commendable or recommended. (See halal, mandub)

Mut‘ah (متعه) 

literally joy; a type of temporary marriage practiced only by the Shī‘ah; or a practice between ‘Umrah and Ḥajj.

Mutashabehat  

equivocal verses of Qur'an. (See Muhakkamat.)

Muta'sibūn (متعصبين) 

fanatics

Mutaween (مطوعين) (singular mutawa)

Religious police.

Mutawātir (متواتر)  

"agreed upon"--used to describe hadith that were narrated by many witnesses through different narration chains (isnads) leading back to Muhammad (SAW)

N

Nabī (نبي) 

literally, prophets. In the Islamic context, a Nabi is a man sent by God to give guidance to man, but not given scripture. The Prophet Abraham was a Nabi. This is in contrast to Rasul, or Messenger. Plural: Anbiya. See: Rasul.

Nafs (النفس) 

soul, the lower self, the ego/id

Nafila 

An optional, supererogatory practice of worship, in contrast to farida

Najāsah 

Impurity

Najasat (نجاسة), Najis (نجس)

an unclean thing

Naji

impure

Nakir and Munkar (نكير و منكر) 

two malaikah who test the faith of the dead in their graves

Naqîra (نقيرا) 

speck on the back of a date stone

Nasīha 

advice

Naskh (نسخ) 

The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see mansukh.

Nass (نصّ) 

a known, clear legal injunction

Nifas

the bleeding after childbirth (see Haid)

Nifaq (نفاق)

falsehood; dishonesty; hipocrisy

Nikah (النكاح)

the matrimonial contract between a bride and bridegroom within Islamic marriage

Niqāb (نقاب) 

veil covering the face

Niyyat (نية)

intention

Nubuwwah (نبوّة) 

prophethood. Shi'as regard this as the third Pillar of Islam.

Nukra

a great munkar - prohibited, evil, dreadful thing.

Nūr (نور) 

light. Muslims believe angels were created from light and jinn from fire.

P

P.B.U.H. 

an acronym that stands for "peace be unto him" a blessing which is affixed to Muhammad (SAW)'s name whenever it is written. In some circles and English writings, Sufis regard PBUH to signify "Peace and Blessings Upon Him" (the Rasul or Messenger of Allah).[5] These are the primary English explications of the P.B.U.H. acronym. The Arabic version is S.A.W.

Prophet 

A person who has had messages from Allah. (see nabi).

Q

Qadhf (قذف)

false imputation of unchastity specifically punished by sharia.

Qadar 

predestination.

Qādī (قاضي) 

judge of Islamic Law

Qatlu nafsi-hi

suicide is forbidden in Islam

Qiblah 

the direction Muslims face during prayer

Qitaal fee sybil Allah ( وقاتلوا في سبيل الله ) 

fight in the cause of Allah.

Qiyāmah 

resurrection; return of the dead for the Day of Judgment

Qiṣāṣ (قصاص) 

equitable retribution - a fine for murder if the heirs forgive the perpetrator. (See hudud, tazeer)

Qiyam  

to stand, a position of salah prayer

Qiyās (القياس) 

analogy - foundation of legal reasoning and thus fiqh

Qudsī 

classification of a hadith that are believed to be narrated by Muhammad (SAW) from God.

Qurbat 

closeness to God. Term is associated with Sufism.

Qur’ān (القرآن) 

The word Qur'an means recitation. Muslims believe the Qur'an (Koran) to be the literal word of God and the culmination of God's revelation to mankind, revealed to prophetMuhammad (SAW) in the year AD 610 in the cave Hira by the angel Jibril.

R

Rabb (ربّ)

Lord, Sustainer, Cherisher, Master.

R. A., Radiyallahu anhu

May Allah be pleased with him. Variants are anha (her) and anhum (them).

Rahman (رحمن)

Merciful; Ar-Rahman (الرحمن) means "The Most Merciful"

Rahim (رحيم)

compassionate; Ar-Rahim (الرحيم) means "The Most Compassionate" as in the Basmala

Rajm (رجم) 

the practice of stoning

Raka'ah 

one unit of Islamic prayer, or Salat. Each daily prayer is made up of a different number of raka'ah.

Ramadhan 

month of fasting when the Qur'an was first revealed

Rashidun 

Sunnis consider the first four caliphs as the "orthodox" or "rightly guided" caliphs. They were Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman and 'Ali.

Rasul (رسول)

messenger; Unlike prophets (Nabi), messengers are given scripture. Moses, David, Jesus and Mohammed are considered messengers. All messengers are considered prophets, but not all prophets are given scripture. See: Nabi.

Riba (ربا) 

interest, the charging and paying of which is forbidden by the Qur'an

Ribat 

Guarding Muslims from infidels

Riddah (ردة)

apostasy, in which a person abandons Islam for another faith or no faith at all.

Risalah (رِسَالَة)

literally, message or letter. Used both in common parlance for mail correspondences, and in religious context as divine message.

Ruh (روح)

spirit; the divine breath which God blew into the clay of Adam.

Rukn plural arkan 

means what is inevitable. One of the five pillars of Islam. (See fard, wajib)

Ruk'u 

the bowing performed during salat.

S

Sabb 

blasphemy Sabb Allah, Sabb al-rasul.

Ṣabr 

patience, endurance, self-restraint

Sadaqah (صدقة)

charity; voluntary alms above the amount for zakat.

Sahabah (الصحابه) (sing. Sahābi)

companions of Muhammad (SAW). A list of the best-known Companions can be found at List of companions of Muhammad (SAW).

Sahih 

"Sound in isnad." A technical attribute applied to the "isnad" of a hadith.

Sakina 

divine "tranquility" or "peace" which descends upon a person when the Qur'an is recited.

Salaf (السلف الصالح) 

(righteous) predecessors/ancestors. In Islam, Salaf is generally used to refer to the first three generations of Muslims. Anyone who died after this is one of the khalaf or "latter-day Muslims".

Ṣalah (صلاة) sala(t)

any one of the daily five obligatory prayers. Sunnis regard this as the second Pillar of Islam

Salaat al-Istikharah

Prayer for guidance is done in conjunction with two rakaahs of supererogatory prayer.

Salām (سلام) 

peace (see sulh)

Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam (صلى الله عليه و سلم) 

"May Allah bless him and grant him peace." The expression should be used after stating Prophet Muhammad (SAW)'s name. See abbreviation: S.A.W. or S.A.W.S. also P.B.U.H.

Samad 

eternal, absolute; Muslims believe Allah is "The Eternal."

Salsabil 

a river in heaven (al-firdaus)

Sawa 

awakening, revival

S.A.W. (or S.A.W.S.) 

Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam (صلى الله عليه و سلم). See P.B.U.H.

Ṣawm (صَوم) 

fasting during the month of Ramadhan. The word sawm is derived from Syriac sawmo.

Sayyid (سيّد) 

(in everyday usage, equivalent to 'Mr.') a descendant of a relative of Muhammad (SAW), usually via Husayn.

Sema 

refer to some of the ceremonies used by various sufi orders

Shahādah (الشهادة) 

The testimony of faith: La ilaha illa Allah. Muhammad (SAW)un rasulullah. ("There is no god but Allah. Muhammad (SAW) is the messenger of Allah."). Sunnis regard this as the first Pillar of Islam. Also may be used as a synonym for the term Istish'hād meaning martyrdom.

Shahīd (شهيد) pl. shuhada (شهداء) 

witness, martyr. Usually refers to a person killed whilst fighting in "jihad fee sybil Allah" (jihad for the sake of Allah). Often used in modern times for deaths in a political cause (including victims of soldiers, deaths in battle, et cetera) which are viewed by some Muslims as a spiritual cause not just a political cause. But the real meaning of Jihad is to defend Islam in any way; thus, it could be in an economic way or could refer to fighting for the rights of the oppressed or the believers; most often it refers to mastering one's own inclination for evil and shirk.

Shaykh (شيخ) 

a spiritual master, Muslim clergy

Sharī‘ah (الشريعة) 

"the path to a watering hole"; the eternal ethical code and moral code based on the Qur'an and Sunnah; basis of fiqh

Sharīf (شريف) 

a title bestowed upon the descendants of Muhammad (SAW) through Hasan, son of his daughter Fatima Zahra and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib

Shaytan (شيطان) 

Satan, the Devil; also known as Iblis

Shī‘ah (الشيعة) 

A branch of Islam who believe in Imam Ali and his sons (Hassan and Hussayn) as custodians of Islam by the will of the Prophet Mohammed.

Shirk (شرك) 

idolatry; polytheism; the sin of believing in any divinity except God and of associating other gods with God.

Shūrā (شورى) 

consultation

Majlis ash-shūrā (مجلس الشورى) 

advisory council in a Caliphate

Sidrat al-Muntaha (سدرة المنتهى )

a lotus tree that marks the end of the seventh heaven, the boundary where no creation can pass.

Sirah (السيرة) 

life or biography of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW); his moral example - with hadith this comprises the sunnah

Sirat al-Mustaqim 

the Straight Path

Subah Sadiq 

true dawn

Subhanahu wa ta'ala (abbreviated S.W.T.) 

expression used following written name or vocalization of Allah in Arabic meaning highly praised and glorified is He.

Subhan'allah  

expression used by Muslims to express strong feelings of joy or relief.

Ṣūfī (صوفي) 

a Muslim mystic; See: Sufism (tasawwuf).

Suhūr 

the meal eaten by fasting Muslims just before dawn.

Sujud(سجود)

kneeling down, a position of salat.

Sukuk (صكوك)

bond that generates revenue from sales, profits, or leases rather than interest.

Sulh (صلح) 

is derived from the Arabic word musalaha it is a tool at the disposal of an Islamic commander to be offered to the enemy as a respite from military Jihad. (see hudna)

Sunnah (السنّة) or sunnah al-Nabi (سنّة النبي) 

the "path" or "example" of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), i.e., what the Prophet did or said or agreed to during his life. He is considered by Muslims to be the best human moral example, the best man to follow.

Sunnat 

an act which the Prophets performed; not required but carries much reward

Sunni (سنّي) 

the largest denomination of Islam. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah (Arabic: سنة), which means the words and actions or example of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad (SAW).

Sūrah (سورة) 

chapter; the Qur'an is composed of 114 suras

T

Ta'alaa (تعالى)

Almighty

Taba'īn (تابعون|تابعين)

followers of the Sahabah

Tafsīr (تفسير)

exegesis, particularly such commentary on the Qur'an

Taghut (طاغوت) (taghout)

originally Aramaic, meaning "false god"; also tyranny.

Tahajjud (تهجُّد)

optional (supererogatory), late-night (pre-dawn) prayer

Taharah (طهارة)

purification from ritual impurities by means of wudu or ghusl

Tahir (طاهر)

pure, ritually clean

Tahlil 

Uttering the formula of faith: "La ilaha illa Allah", i.e. (No god but Allah)

Tahnik

'Tahnik' is an Islamic ceremony of touching the lips of a new born baby with honey, sweet juice or pressed dates.

Taḥrīf (تحريف)

corruption, forgery. Muslims believe the Bible Scriptures were corrupted but the Qur'an is in its original form.

Tajdīd (تجديد)

to purify and reform society in order to move it toward greater equity and justice, literally meaning to make new in present tense

Tajdif (تجديف)

blasphemy

Tajwīd (تجويد)

a special manner of reciting the Qur'an according to prescribed rules of pronunciation and intonation.

Takaful ( التكتاقل)

Based on sharia Islamic law, it is a form of mutual insurance. See retakaful.

Takbīr (تكبير)

a proclamation of the greatness of Allah; a Muslim invocation.

Takfir (تكفير)

declaration of individual or group of previously considered Muslim as kaffir.

Tamaninat (طمأنينة) 

to be motionless

Takhrīj (تخريج الحديث )

The science of hadith extraction and authentication, including validation of chains of transmitters of a hadith by this science's scholars and grading hadith validity.

Talaq (الطلاق)

divorce

Taqdir 

fate, predestination

Taqlīd (تقليد)

to follow the scholarly opinion of one of the four Imams of Islamic Jurispudence.

Taqiyya (تقيّة)

a principle that one is allowed to hide his true beliefs in certain circumstances to save himself of being killed or harmed.

Taqwa (تقوى)

righteousness; goodness; Piety: Taqwa is taken from the verbe Ittaqua, which means Avoiding, Fearing the punishment from Allah for committing sins. It is piety obtained by fearing the punishment of Allah.

Tarawih (تراويح)

extra prayers in Ramadan after the Isha prayer.

Tarkīb (تَرْكِيب)

the study of Arabic grammar issued from the Qur'an

Ṭarīqah (طريقة)

a Muslim religious order, particularly a Sufi order

Tartīl (ترتيل)

slow, meditative recitation of the Qur'an

Tasawwuf (التصوّف) or Sufism

Tasbih 

Uttering the formula: "Subhan Allah", i.e. (Glory be to Allah)

Tashkīl (تشكيل)

vocalization of Arabic text by means of diacritical marks. An integral part of the Arabic writing system. Literally meaning to form or arrange

Taslim (تسليم)

salutation at the end of prayer

Tatbeer 

Shia Ashura ceremony of self-flagellation by hitting head with sword. (See zinjeer)

Tawakul (توکُّل)

total reliance on Allah.

Tawassul (توسُّل)

asking Allah Almighty through the medium and intercession of another person.

Tawaf (طواف)

circumambulating the Ka'bah during Hajj.

Tawbah (توبه)

repentance

Tawhīd (توحيد)

monotheism; affirmation of the Oneness of Allah. Muslims regard this as the first part of the Pillar of Islam, the second part is accepting Muhammad (SAW) as rasoul (messenger). The opposite of Tawheed is shirk

Tawrat (توراة)

the Torah as revealed to Musa (Moses.)

Tayyib (طيِّب)

all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc. Means "pure." The Shahaddath is tayyib.

Ta'zeer (تعزير)

Discretionary punishment - a sentence or punishment whose measure is not fixed by the Shari'ah. (See hudud, qisas)

Tazkiyah (تزكية)

Purification of the Soul.

Thawab (ثواب)

Reward for good deeds that is tallied on qiyamah (judgment day.) Opposite of ithim.

Tilawa (تلاوة)

ritual recitation of passages of the Qur'an.

U

Ubudiyah 

worship

Udhiyah 

sacrifice

‘Ulamā’ (علماء) or ulema

the leaders of Islamic society, including teachers, Imams and judges. Singular alim.

Ummah (الاُمّة) or umma

(literally 'nation') the global community of all Muslim believers

‘Umrah (عمرة) 

the lesser pilgrimage performed in Mecca. Unlike hajj, ‘umrah can be performed throughout the year.

Uqubat 

the branch of sharia that deals with punishment. (See hudud, qisas, tazeer)

‘Urf (عرف) 

custom of a given society, leading to change in the fiqh

Usul (sing. asl) 

Principles, origins.

Usul al-Fiqh 

the study of the origins and practice of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)

W

Wa ‘Alaykum as-Salaam (و عليكم السلام)

Wa ‘Alaykum as-Salaam!, meaning "and upon you be peace". (see As-Salamu Alaykum)

Wafat

death (Barah-wafat) Muhammad (SAW) was born on the twelfth day of Rabi-ul-Awwal, the third month of the Muslim year. His death anniversary also falls on the same day, the word 'barah' standing for the twelve days of Muhammad (SAW)'s sickness.

Waḥdat al-wujūd (وحدة الوجود) 

"unity of being". Philosophical term used by some Sufis. Related to fanaa

Wahy (وحی) 

revelation or inspiration of God to His prophets for all humankind

Wahn 

love of this life and hatred of death

Wajib (واجب) 

obligatory or mandatory see fard

Wali (ولي) 

friend, protector, guardian, supporter, helper

Waqf (وقف) 

An endowment of money or property: the return or yield is typically dedicated toward a certain end, for example, to the maintenance of the poor, a family, a village, or a mosque. Plural: Awqaf.

Warrāq (ورّاق) 

traditional scribe, publisher, printer, notary and book copier

Wasat 

the middle way, justly balanced, avoiding extremes, moderation

Waseelah 

the means by which one achieves nearness to Allah (see tawassul )

Witr (وتر) 

a voluntary, optional night prayer of odd numbers rakaats.

Wudhu` (الوضوء) 

ablution for ritual purification from minor impurities before salat (see ghusl)

Y

Ya Allah (یا الله) 

O, God!

Ya Rasool Allah (یارسول الله) 

O, Messenger of God!. Term used by companions when interacting with Prophet Mohammad.

Yajooj-wa-Majooj (ماجوج و ياجوج )

Gog and Magog

Yaqin (يقين) 

certainty, that which is certain

Yarhamuk-Allah (يرحمك الله)

"May God have mercy on you", said when someone sneezes; the same as "(God) bless you" in English

Allah Yerhamo (الله يرحمه, fem. yerhama)

"May God have mercy of his/her soul", (said when someone dies)

Yaum al-Deen (يوم الدين) 

Day of Reckoning, Awe

Yaum al-Ghadab (يوم الغضب) 

Day of Rage, Wrath

Yawm ul-Qiyāmah (يوم القيامة) 

"Day of the Resurrection"; Day of Judgement

Z

Zabur (زبور) 

the Psalms revealed to King Daoud (David)

Zabiha (ذَبِيْحَة) see dhabiha 

Islamic method of slaughtering an animal. Using a sharp knife the animal's windpipe, throat and blood vessels of the neck are severed without cutting the spinal cord to ensure that the blood is thoroughly drained before removing the head. See halal

Zahir 

Exterior meaning

Zaidi (الزيدية) 

Islamic sub-sect of Shi'ah, popularly found in Yemen, with similarities to Sunni

Zakat (زكاة), Al-Maal 

tax, alms, tithe as a Muslim duty; Sunnis regard this as the fourth Pillar of Islam. Neither charity nor derived from Islamic economics, but a religious duty and social obligation.

Zakat (زكاة) Al-Fitr

Zalimun (ظالمون) 

polytheists, wrong-doers, and unjust.

Zandaqa (زندقة)

heresy

Zināa (زناء , زنى) 

sexual activity outside of marriage (covering the English words adultery and fornication)

Zindiq (زنديق) 

heretic, atheist

Zulfiqar (ذو الفقار)  

Sword of Ali, presented to him by Muhammad (SAW)

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